Technical articles on deterministic computing, safety-critical systems, and production AI architecture.https://speytech.com/en-usCopyright 2026 SpeyTechwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)william@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/favicon.svghttps://speytech.com/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/incident-reconstruction-determinism/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/incident-reconstruction-determinism/How bit-perfect replay, execution tracing, and sealed audit logs transform incident response from guesswork to forensicsMon, 26 Jan 2026 22:00:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/fixed-point-vs-floating-point-tradeoffs/https://speytech.com/insights/fixed-point-vs-floating-point-tradeoffs/An honest analysis of when Q16.16 is the right choice and when floating-point is acceptableMon, 26 Jan 2026 21:30:00 GMTDeterministic Computingwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/version-control-deterministic-systems/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/version-control-deterministic-systems/How Merkle chains, cryptographic attestation, and reproducible builds satisfy certification evidence requirementsMon, 26 Jan 2026 21:15:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/init-update-status-reset-pattern/https://speytech.com/insights/init-update-status-reset-pattern/A four-function interface that enables static analysis, bounded resources, and compositional verificationMon, 26 Jan 2026 20:05:00 GMTSystems Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/contracts-as-documentation/https://speytech.com/insights/contracts-as-documentation/How preconditions, postconditions, and invariants become living documentationMon, 26 Jan 2026 19:00:00 GMTFormal Methodswilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/hello-world-fails-safety-critical/https://speytech.com/insights/hello-world-fails-safety-critical/Traditional C tutorials teach habits that certification auditors rejectMon, 26 Jan 2026 18:30:00 GMTSafety-Critical Programmingwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/c-from-scratch-book-launch/https://speytech.com/insights/c-from-scratch-book-launch/Why proving code correct before writing it changes everythingSat, 24 Jan 2026 22:31:00 GMTAnnouncementswilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/ml-testing-systems/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/ml-testing-systems/A practical testing strategy for production machine learningSat, 24 Jan 2026 00:30:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/ml-cost-engineering/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/ml-cost-engineering/Where the money goes and what to optimise firstSat, 24 Jan 2026 00:05:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/ml-state-management/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/ml-state-management/Architectural patterns for ML systems that need to rememberFri, 23 Jan 2026 22:00:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/ml-graceful-degradation/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/ml-graceful-degradation/Fallback strategies for production inference that fails gracefully instead of failing loudlyFri, 23 Jan 2026 21:14:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/ml-observability-blind-spot/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/ml-observability-blind-spot/Why accuracy looks fine while your production system burnsFri, 23 Jan 2026 18:00:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/open-source/fixed-point-fundamentals/https://speytech.com/open-source/fixed-point-fundamentals/Learn fixed-point arithmetic from first principles — because 'close enough' isn't deterministicThu, 22 Jan 2026 20:00:00 GMTOpen SourceEducationwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-bench/https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-bench/Performance benchmarking for deterministic ML — because 'fast' means nothing if you can't prove it's correctWed, 21 Jan 2026 22:00:00 GMTOpen SourceDeterministic Computingwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/stochastic-rounding-deterministic/https://speytech.com/insights/stochastic-rounding-deterministic/How PRNG-controlled rounding can provide regularisation benefits deterministicallyTue, 20 Jan 2026 22:00:00 GMTDeterministic Computingwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/cross-platform-bit-identity/https://speytech.com/insights/cross-platform-bit-identity/The practical journey of verifying deterministic ML across platformsTue, 20 Jan 2026 20:45:00 GMTDeterministic Computingwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/feistel-shuffle-deterministic/https://speytech.com/insights/feistel-shuffle-deterministic/How cycle-walking Feistel networks can provide reproducible shuffling for ML trainingTue, 20 Jan 2026 20:24:00 GMTDeterministic Computingwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/merkle-chains-ml-audit/https://speytech.com/insights/merkle-chains-ml-audit/How cryptographic hash chains can make every training step verifiableTue, 20 Jan 2026 19:30:00 GMTDeterministic Computingwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/round-to-nearest-even/https://speytech.com/insights/round-to-nearest-even/Why banker's rounding matters for bit-identical machine learningTue, 20 Jan 2026 19:00:00 GMTDeterministic Computingwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/certifiable-ecosystem/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/certifiable-ecosystem/From training data to deployed inference — bit-identical, auditable, certifiableMon, 19 Jan 2026 23:00:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-harness/https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-harness/End-to-end test harness for deterministic ML — because 'it works on my machine' isn't certifiableMon, 19 Jan 2026 22:00:00 GMTOpen SourceDeterministic MLwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-verify/https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-verify/Pipeline verification for the certifiable-* ecosystem — because 'we checked it manually' isn't certifiableMon, 19 Jan 2026 21:00:00 GMTOpen SourceDeterministic MLwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-monitor/https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-monitor/Deterministic runtime monitoring — because 'the model drifted' isn't certifiableMon, 19 Jan 2026 17:00:00 GMTOpen SourceOpen Sourcewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/deterministic-ml-pipeline/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/deterministic-ml-pipeline/From training data to deployed inference — bit-identical, auditable, certifiableMon, 19 Jan 2026 00:15:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-deploy/https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-deploy/Deterministic model packaging and cryptographic attestation — because 'trust me, it's the right model' isn't certifiableSun, 18 Jan 2026 22:00:00 GMTOpen SourceDeterministic MLwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-quant/https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-quant/Deterministic model quantization with formal error certificates for safety-critical MLSun, 18 Jan 2026 21:00:00 GMTOpen SourceDeterministic MLwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/open-source/c-from-scratch/https://speytech.com/open-source/c-from-scratch/Learn to build safety-critical systems in C — mathematical rigour, not 'Hello World'Sat, 17 Jan 2026 09:00:00 GMTOpen SourceEducationwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-data/https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-data/Deterministic data pipelines for safety-critical ML — because 'we shuffled the data' isn't reproducibleFri, 16 Jan 2026 10:00:00 GMTOpen SourceDeterministic MLwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/open-source/c-sentinel/https://speytech.com/open-source/c-sentinel/Semantic observability for UNIX systems — lightweight system probing with explainable risk scoringFri, 16 Jan 2026 09:10:00 GMTOpen SourceSecurity Monitoringwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/wcet-neural-network-inference/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/wcet-neural-network-inference/How to prove worst-case execution time for convolution, matrix multiply, and pooling operationsThu, 15 Jan 2026 22:31:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/fixed-point-neural-networks/https://speytech.com/insights/fixed-point-neural-networks/How integer arithmetic can enable deterministic AI inference for safety-critical systemsThu, 15 Jan 2026 21:30:00 GMTSafety-Critical AIwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/tflite-do178c-challenges/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/tflite-do178c-challenges/Understanding the architectural properties that complicate aerospace certification for mobile inference frameworksThu, 15 Jan 2026 20:45:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/bit-perfect-reproducibility/https://speytech.com/insights/bit-perfect-reproducibility/What deterministic execution actually means and how to verify it across platformsThu, 15 Jan 2026 20:15:00 GMTSafety-Critical AIwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/dynamic-memory-safety-critical/https://speytech.com/insights/dynamic-memory-safety-critical/Why malloc is problematic for certification and how static allocation can simplify verificationThu, 15 Jan 2026 19:20:00 GMTSafety-Critical AIwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-inference/https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-inference/Deterministic, bit-perfect neural network inference for safety-critical systemsThu, 15 Jan 2026 10:00:00 GMTOpen SourceDeterministic MLwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/floating-point-danger/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/floating-point-danger/When 'mostly reproducible' isn't good enough for systems that matterWed, 14 Jan 2026 20:00:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-training/https://speytech.com/open-source/certifiable-training/Deterministic ML training with Merkle audit trails — because 'we trained it' isn't certifiableWed, 14 Jan 2026 10:00:00 GMTOpen SourceDeterministic MLwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/debugging-model-behavior-production/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/debugging-model-behavior-production/When the model works in staging but fails in prod, here's how to find out whyTue, 13 Jan 2026 21:40:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/when-you-dont-need-feature-store/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/when-you-dont-need-feature-store/Most teams solve a problem they don't have yetTue, 13 Jan 2026 21:15:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/ai-model-serving-patterns/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/ai-model-serving-patterns/Understanding latency, throughput, and the trade-offs between themTue, 13 Jan 2026 20:35:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/production-ai-unix-principles/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/production-ai-unix-principles/The infrastructure principles that kept systems running still apply to MLTue, 13 Jan 2026 19:51:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/ml-observability-gap/https://speytech.com/ai-architecture/ml-observability-gap/Why your model serving cluster fails at 3AM and you can't figure out whyTue, 13 Jan 2026 19:15:00 GMTAI Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/mathematical-proofs-to-code/https://speytech.com/insights/mathematical-proofs-to-code/How mathematical contracts become deterministic implementationsMon, 12 Jan 2026 23:25:00 GMTFormal Methodswilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/nondeterminism-cost-debugging/https://speytech.com/insights/nondeterminism-cost-debugging/Understanding the financial impact of debugging race conditions and HeisenbugsMon, 12 Jan 2026 19:50:00 GMTBusiness Casewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/iso-26262-asil-d-determinism/https://speytech.com/insights/iso-26262-asil-d-determinism/How deterministic architecture can support automotive functional safety certificationMon, 12 Jan 2026 19:20:00 GMTCertificationwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/docker-hidden-cost/https://speytech.com/insights/docker-hidden-cost/Why shipping 450MB to avoid inconsistency may be solving the wrong problemMon, 12 Jan 2026 18:30:00 GMTSystems Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/zero-variance-problem/https://speytech.com/insights/zero-variance-problem/Why perfect consistency creates impossible calculations—and how to handle itSun, 11 Jan 2026 22:50:00 GMTFormal Methodswilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/fsm-composition/https://speytech.com/insights/fsm-composition/How verified components combine to create verified systemsSun, 11 Jan 2026 22:22:00 GMTFormal Methodswilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/ml-nondeterminism-problem/https://speytech.com/insights/ml-nondeterminism-problem/The hidden sources of non-determinism in machine learning, and why they matter more than you thinkFri, 09 Jan 2026 21:20:00 GMTDeterministic Computingwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/closure-totality-algebra/https://speytech.com/insights/closure-totality-algebra/Why three mathematical properties can determine whether your system fails safe or fails silentThu, 08 Jan 2026 21:20:00 GMTFormal Methodswilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/heartbeats-state-machines/https://speytech.com/insights/heartbeats-state-machines/How deterministic finite state machines can model liveness detection with verifiable propertiesThu, 08 Jan 2026 17:40:00 GMTFormal Methodswilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/iec-62304-class-c/https://speytech.com/insights/iec-62304-class-c/How deterministic architecture can support the most stringent safety classification for medical device softwareThu, 08 Jan 2026 17:15:00 GMTMedical Deviceswilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/statistics-as-state-transitions/https://speytech.com/insights/statistics-as-state-transitions/How finite state machines can provide a deterministic foundation for anomaly detectionWed, 07 Jan 2026 21:00:00 GMTFormal Methodswilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/ema-vs-sma-monitoring/https://speytech.com/insights/ema-vs-sma-monitoring/How exponential moving averages provide the mathematical properties that safety-critical systems requireWed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMTSystems Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/semantic-security-monitoring/https://speytech.com/insights/semantic-security-monitoring/How structured observability can support incident investigation and regulatory complianceWed, 07 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMTSafety Engineeringwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/mdcp-vs-conventional-rtos/https://speytech.com/insights/mdcp-vs-conventional-rtos/Side-by-side comparison of MDCP deterministic platform against VxWorks, QNX, FreeRTOS, and conventional real-time operating systemsMon, 05 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMTTechnical Comparisonwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/nvidia-asil-determinism/https://speytech.com/insights/nvidia-asil-determinism/NVIDIA's achievement is impressive — and it clarifies the architectural considerations for Level 4/5 autonomyWed, 24 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTAutonomous Systemswilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/debugging-economics/https://speytech.com/insights/debugging-economics/How non-deterministic execution can amplify engineering cost and schedule riskTue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTEngineering Economicswilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/deterministic-scheduling/https://speytech.com/insights/deterministic-scheduling/How tick-based execution addresses non-determinism at the fundamental level of computationTue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTFormal Methodswilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/cryptographic-proof-execution/https://speytech.com/insights/cryptographic-proof-execution/How deterministic systems with cryptographic sealing can strengthen post-incident analysisTue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTDeterministic Computingwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/do178c-certification/https://speytech.com/insights/do178c-certification/How tick-based architecture and minimal code footprint can reduce certification effort and timelines in aerospace programsTue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTSafety Certificationwilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/implantable-device-litigation/https://speytech.com/insights/implantable-device-litigation/How execution traceability can influence investigation, liability, and regulatory outcomesTue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTMedical Deviceswilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)https://speytech.com/insights/mycoeco-kernel/https://speytech.com/insights/mycoeco-kernel/How event-based architecture enables deterministic multi-core execution without locksTue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTSystems Architecturewilliam@fstopify.com (William Murray)